Ruohui ZHAO 趙若輝

Ruohui Zhao is an Associate Professor at University of Macau. She received her PhD in criminology and criminal justice from University of Nebraska at Omaha in 2007. Her research interests include juvenile delinquency, domestic violence, corrections, and crime control in China. Her work has appeared in international journals including Social Forces, Justice Quarterly, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Journal of Criminal Justice, Deviant Behavior, Journal of Family Violence, Children and Youth Services Review, and Violence against Women.

• Ph.D. in Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
• M.A. in Criminology and Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, USA
• B.A. in Archival Science, Wuhan University, China

• Juvenile Delinquency
• Domestic Violence
• Theory Testing
• Crime and Social Control in China

Undergraduate Courses:

• Criminology
• Drugs and Crime
• Law and Society
• Crime and Criminal Justice in China
• Social Change and Crime in Macao and Chinese Mainland

Graduate Courses:

• Corrections
• Applied Statistics
• Criminology and Criminal Justice
• Criminological Theories
• Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice
• Special Topics in Criminology and Criminal Justice

• 2024, UM 15-year Long-term Service Award, 2008-2023, University of Macau
• 2024, Faculty Outstanding Service Award, 2023/2024. Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau
• 2023, Faculty Outstanding Teaching Award, 2022/2023. Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau
• 2019, UM 10-year Long-term Service Award, 2008-2018, University of Macau
• 2018, Ph.D. Dissertation (Determinants of anomie: A cross-national study, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 2007) ranked among ProQuest Most-Accessed Dissertations and Theses, May, 2018 (Each month ProQuest updates the list of the top 25 Most-Accessed Dissertations and Theses across all subjects, based upon total PDF downloads).
• 2012, “A System’s Approach of Crime Prevention: The Case of Macau” (a research paper published in Asian Journal of Criminology), The Third Macau Humanity and Social Science Research Award, Second Place, Macau Foundation (第三屆澳門人文社會科學研究優秀成果評獎论文类二等獎,澳门基金会)

• 2023-2024  Principal Investigator, Multi-Year Research Grant (MYRG), An Exploratory Study on the Awareness, Experiences, and Risk Factors of Dating Violence among College Students in China, University of Macau
• 2020-2021 Principal Investigator, Multi-Year Research Grant (MYRG), Beyond the Gatekeepers—Judicial Professional’s Perceptions of and Responses to Intimate Partner Violence in Mainland China, University of Macau
• 2018-2019, Principal Investigator, Multi-Year Research Grant (MYRG), Police Officers’ Perceptions of Spousal Violence: An Exploratory Study in Mainland China, University of Macau
• 2014-2017, Principal Investigator, Multi-Year Research Grant (MYRG), An Exploratory Study of Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Attitude toward the Police in a Less-Developed Western City of China, University of Macau
• 2011-2012, Principal Investigator, Multi-Year Research Grant (MYRG), Perceptions of Fear of Crime and Punitivity among College Students in Macau SAR and Mainland China, University of Macau
• 2009-2011, Principal Investigator, Evaluation of Community-Based Correction, University of Macau

Journal Articles in English ( * denotes corresponding author):

1. Wretman, C.*, Rizo, C., Zhao, R., Zhang, H., Radtke, S., Kim, J., Godoy, S., Luo, J., Gwaltney, A., Macy, R. (2024). Validation of Scales for Researching Stakeholders’ Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence in China. Violence Against Women.
2. Yin, X. (UM PhD student) & Zhao, R.* (2024). Policing juvenile delinquency in China: Exploring the influence of officer-related individual and organizational factors on discretionary police decision-making. Children and Youth Services Review, 158, 107459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107459
3. Zhao, R., Zhang, H., Wretman, C. J., Radtke, S. R., Rizo, C. F.*, Kim, J., & Macy, R. J. 2023). Exploring perceived legal and organizational support and attitudes on the decision to mediate or arrest in domestic violence cases: A study among community and criminal justice professionals in China. Violence Against Women. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012231182411
4. Yao, X. (UM PhD student), Zhang, H, & Zhao, R.* (2022). Does trauma exacerbate criminal behavior? An exploratory study of child maltreatment and chronic offending in a sample of Chinese juvenile offenders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811197
5. Zhao, R.*, & Yao, X. (UM PhD student) (2022). The relationship between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents: The role of depressive symptoms and gender differences. Journal of School Violence, 21(1), 60-80. doi:10.1080/15388220.2021.1985327
6. Kuo, S., Zhang, H. & Zhao, R* (2021). Research on family violence in Greater China: Opportunities, challenges, and development. Journal of Family Violence, 36, 637–641. doi:10.1007/s10896-021-00295-0
7. Zhao, R.* (2021). Child maltreatment and adjustment to confinement: An exploratory study of male juvenile offenders in China. Journal of Family Violence, 36, 721–732. doi:10.1007/s10896-020-00191-z
8. Li, S.*, Zhao, R., & Zhang, H. (2021). Examining the link between drug use disorders and crime among Chinese drug users receiving mandatory detoxification and treatment. Crime and Delinquency, 67(10), 1561-1581. doi:10.1177/0011128720939511
9. Zhao, J, Wang, X., Zhang, H., & Zhao, R.* (2021). Rational choice theory applied to an explanation of juvenile offender decision making in the Chinese setting. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 65(4), 434-457. doi:10.1177/0306624X20931429
10. Zhao, J., Zhang, H., & Zhao, R.* (2021). Sources of legal cynicism among students in China: The role of Western popular culture and social attachment. Journal of Crime and Justice, 44(1), 66-84. doi:10.1080/0735648X.2020.1768138
11. Zhang, H., Zhao, R., Macy, R.J.*, Wretman, C.J., & Jiang, Y. (2021). A scoping review of 37 years of intimate partner violence research in China. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 22(4), 752-765. doi:10.1177/1524838019881738
12. Kuo, S.Y., & Zhao, R. (2019). Prison misconduct among female inmates with mental disorders, substance abuse/dependence, and co-occurring disorders in Taiwan. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 43(3), 263-276. doi:10.1080/01924036.2019.1566081
13. Zhao, R., Zhang, H., Zhao, J., & Wang, X. (2019). When the West meets the East: Cultural clash and its impacts on anomie in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Deviant Behavior, 40(10), 1187-1205. doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1472934
14. Zhang, H., & Zhao, R.* (2018). Empirical research on domestic violence in contemporary China—Continuity and advances. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(16), 4879-4887. doi:10.1177/0306624X18801468
15. Zhao, R., Zhang, H., Jiang, Y., & Yao, X. (UM PhD student) (2018). The tendency to make arrests in domestic violence: Perceptions from police officers in China, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(16), 4923-4941. doi:10.1177/0306624X18801653
16. Zhao, R. (2018). Impacts of the school context on victimization in a sample of Chinese adolescents: A multilevel approach. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 34(2), 196-218. doi:10.1177/1043986218761964
17. Lai, Y., & Zhao, R. (2018). The Impacts of Neighborhood Context on Residents’ Satisfaction with Police Services in Metropolitan Taipei: A Multilevel Approach. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 41(2), 276-291. doi:10.1108/PIJPSM-11-2016-0160
18. Ren, L., He, N., Zhao, R., & Zhang, H. (2017). Self-control, risky lifestyles, and victimization：A study with a sample of Chinese school youth. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 44(5), 695-716. doi:10.1177/0093854816674758
19. Zhang, H., Zhao, J., Ren, L., & Zhao, R. (2017). Subculture, gang involvement, and delinquency: A study of incarcerated youth in China. Justice Quarterly, 34(6), 952-977. doi:10.1080/07418825.2016.1243254
20. Zhang, H., Zhao, R.*, Zhao, J., & Ren, L. (2016). The impact of child sexual abuse and psychological distress on delinquency among incarcerated juveniles in China. Crime, Law and Social Change, 66(5), 447-464. doi:10.1007/s10611-016-9637-3
21. Ren, L., Zhao, J., He, N., Marshall, I.M., Zhang, H., Zhao, R., & Jin, C. (2016). Testing for measurement invariance of attachment across Chinese and American adolescent samples. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(8), 964-991. doi:10.1177/0306624X14566602
22. Ren, L., Zhang, H., Zhao, J., & Zhao, R. (2016). Delinquent subculture and juvenile offenders’ attitudes toward the police in China. Police Quarterly, 19(1), 87-110. doi:10.1177/1098611115604450
23. Cao, L., Zhao, J., Ren, L., & Zhao, R. (2015). Do In-group and out-group forms of trust matter in predicting confidence in order institutions? A study of three culturally distinctive countries. International Sociology, 30(6), 674-693. doi:10.1177/0268580915605651
24. Zhang, H., Zhao, R., Ren, L., & Zhao, J. (2014). Social attachment and juvenile attitudes toward the police in China: Bridging Eastern and Western wisdom. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(6), 703-734. doi:10.1177/0022427814538034
25. Zhang, H., Zhao, J., Ren, L., & Zhao, R. (2014). Social bonds, traditional models and juvenile attitudes toward the police in China. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 37(3), 596-611. Doi:10.1108/PIJPSM-10-2013-0106
26. Hilal, S., Densley, J., & Zhao, R. (2013). Cops in college: Police officers’ perceptions on formal education. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 24(4), 461-477. doi:10.1080/10511253.2013.791332
27. Cao, L., & Zhao, R. (2012). The impact of culture on acceptance of soft drugs across Europe. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(4), 296-305. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.04.002
28. Liu, J., Zhao, R., Xiong, H., & Gong, J. (2012). Chinese legal traditions: Punitiveness versus mercy. Asia Pacific Journal of Police and Criminal Justice, 9(1), 17-33.
29. Huang, K., Liu, J., Zhao, R., Zhao, G., & Friday, P.C. (2012). Chinese narcotics trafficking: A preliminary report. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56(1), 134-152. doi:10.1177/0306624X10389776
30. Cao, L., Lai, Y., & Zhao, R. (2012). Shade of blue: Confidence in the police in the world. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(1), 40-49. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.11.006
31. Zhao, R., & Liu, J. (2011). A system’s approach of crime prevention: The case of Macau. Asian Journal of Criminology, 6(2), 207-227. doi:10.1007/s11417-011-9117-8
32. Zhao, R., & Cao, L. (2010). Social change and anomie—A cross-national study. Social Forces, 88(3), 1209-1229. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0312
33. Cao, L., Zhao, R., Ren, L., & Zhao, J. (2010). Social support and anomie: A multilevel analysis of anomie in Europe and North America. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54(4), 625-639. doi:10.1177/0306624×09334218
34. Garland, B.E., Mccarty, W.P., & Zhao, R. (2009). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment in prisons—An examination of psychological staff, teachers, and unit management staff. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(2), 163-183. doi:10.1177/0093854808327343

Journal Articles In Chinese:

1. Zhao, R.* & Yao, X. (UM PhD student) (2022). Exploring the mechanism in improving the superivion of guardianship of minors in mainland China—Using Macau as a reference (完善我國內地非親權未成年人監護監督制度之探究—以澳門未成年人監護監督制度為鏡鑒). Journal of Chinese Youth Social Science (中國青年社會科學), 41 (3), 132-140.
2. Liu, J., & Zhao, R. (2014). A Review of Macau Correctional System and Relevant Research—From the Comparative Perspective (比較犯罪學視野下的澳門犯罪矯治及其相關研究). Macau Studies (澳门研究), 73(2), 52-60. [文章收錄至《澳門人文社會科學研究文選（2012~2014）》]
3. Zhao, R. (2012). Anomie/Strain Theory and Juvenile Delinquency (迷乱/紧张理论和青少年偏差与犯罪). Shandong Police Academy Journal (山东警察学院学报), 24(4), 107-111.
4. Zhao, R. (2011). Exploring Trends and Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquency in Macau (澳门青少年犯罪的状况与特点). Journal of Guangxi University (广西大学学报), 33(6), 63-65.
5. Zhao, R., & Zhang, H. (2008). An Empirical Study of Victimization in Nanning (逻辑回归对犯罪被害的应用研究—以南宁市为实证分析). Social Scientist (社会科学家), 132(4), 79-83.
6. Zhao, R., & Zhang, H. (2008). Juvenile Gangs—Control and Prevention Mechanism (少年帮派的特征、催生因素与防治刍议). Journal of Guangxi University (广西大学学报), 30(2), 82-87. fully-cited by Information Center for Social Sciences, RUC: Youth Study (人大复印资料: 青少年研究全文转载).
7. Zhao, R., & Zhang, H. (2007). Study of Public Order and Fear of Crime: A Sample from Nanning City (社会治安评价与被害恐惧研究—以南宁市为实证分析). Nanjing University Law Review (南京大学法律评论), Spring Issue, 125-136.

Selected Books and Book Chapters

Books:

1. Zhao, R. (2009). Determinants of Anomie—A Cross-National Study (in English). Beijing: People’s Publishing House (人民出版社)
2. Zhang, H., Huang, Y., & Zhao, R. (associate editor) (2007). Studies on Victim Protection (刑事被害人保护问题研究). Beijing: People’s Court Press (人民法院出版社).

Book Chapters in English:

1. Zhao, R., & Zhang, H. (2017). Family Violence and the Legal and Social Responses in China. In Eve Buzawa & Carl Buzawa (eds.) Global Responses to Domestic Violence, pp189-206. Bonita Springs, FL: Springer.
2. Zhao, R., & Cao, L. (2017). Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice in China, pp155-172 in Scott Decker & Nerea Marteache (Eds.) International Handbook of Juvenile Justice (2nd ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer
3. Zhao, R. (2017). Administrative Punishment. In K.R. Kerley, H. Copes, J. Lane, S.D. Li, & S. Sharp (Eds.) The Encyclopedia of Corrections. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
4. Zhao, R., Zhang, H., & Liu, J. (2014). Juvenile Justice System in China: A System in Transition, pp137-162 in John Winterdyk (ed.) Juvenile Justice: International Perspectives, Models and Trends. FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
5. Zhao, R. (2013). Official Responses to Crime in Macau, pp324-340 in L, Cao, I. Sun, & B. Hebenton (Eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Criminology, New York: Routledge.
6. Zhao, R., Cao, L., & Zhao, J. (2013). Fear of Crime and Punitivity among College Students in Macau, China, pp159-179 in Helmut Kury and John Winterdyk (eds.) Fear of Crime and Punitiveness: Results from International Students Surveys. Bochum, Germany: Universitaetsverlag Brockmeyer.

Book Chapters In Chinese:

1. Liu, J., & Zhao, R. (2011). Social Order and Crime in Macau (澳门的社会治安与犯罪状况), pp239-260 in Yufan Hao and Zhiliang Wu (editors) Bluebook of Macau: Annual report on Economy and Society of Macau (2010-2011)《澳门蓝皮书：澳门经济社会发展报告, 2010-2011》Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (北京:社会科学文献出版社).
2. Zhao, R., & Liu, J. (2010). Social Order and Crime in Macau (澳门的社会治安与犯罪状况), pp186-204 in Yufan Hao and Zhiliang Wu (editors) Bluebook of Macau: Annual report on Economy and Society of Macau (2009-2010) 《澳门蓝皮书：澳门经济社会发展报告, 2009-2010》. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (北京:社会科学文献出版社).
3. Zhao, R., & Zhang, H. (2009). Teaching Criminology (犯罪学实践性教学方法讲义), pp218-246 in Jianmin Cheng (editor) Teaching Techniques in Legal Education 《实践性法学教育讲义:把课堂当作社会》. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press (北京：清华大学出版社).
4. Zhang, H., & Zhao, R. (2009). Victimology (犯罪被害与被害人), pp140-171 in Haobo Song and Gaofeng Jin (editors) Criminology《犯罪学》. Shanghai: Fudan University Press (上海：复旦大学出版社)